Artikel ini melanjutkan penjelasan konsep Observer di Laravel 12 dengan studi kasus implementasi lengkap: sistem audit trail dan auto-slug generation.
Studi Kasus 1: Auto-Slug Generation
Masalah umum: setiap kali artikel dibuat atau diupdate, slug harus di-generate dari title. Tanpa Observer, logika ini tersebar di berbagai controller.
Dengan Observer, cukup satu tempat:
<?php
namespace AppObservers;
use AppModelsArticle;
use IlluminateSupportStr;
class ArticleObserver
{
public function creating(Article $article): void
{
$article->slug = $this->generateUniqueSlug($article->title);
}
public function updating(Article $article): void
{
if ($article->isDirty('title')) {
$article->slug = $this->generateUniqueSlug($article->title, $article->id);
}
}
private function generateUniqueSlug(string $title, ?int $excludeId = null): string
{
$slug = Str::slug($title);
$query = Article::where('slug', $slug);
if ($excludeId) {
$query->where('id', '!=', $excludeId);
}
if (!$query->exists()) {
return $slug;
}
// Tambah angka kalau slug sudah ada
$counter = 1;
while (Article::where('slug', "{$slug}-{$counter}")
->when($excludeId, fn ($q) => $q->where('id', '!=', $excludeId))
->exists()) {
$counter++;
}
return "{$slug}-{$counter}";
}
}Studi Kasus 2: Audit Trail Otomatis
Rekam semua perubahan pada model penting, berguna untuk compliance, debugging, atau fitur “lihat riwayat perubahan”:
<?php
namespace AppObservers;
use AppModelsArticle;
use AppModelsAuditLog;
class ArticleObserver
{
public function created(Article $article): void
{
$this->log('created', $article, [], $article->getAttributes());
}
public function updated(Article $article): void
{
$this->log('updated', $article, $article->getOriginal(), $article->getChanges());
}
public function deleted(Article $article): void
{
$this->log('deleted', $article, $article->getAttributes(), []);
}
private function log(string $action, Article $article, array $old, array $new): void
{
AuditLog::create([
'user_id' => auth()->id(),
'model_type' => Article::class,
'model_id' => $article->id,
'action' => $action,
'old_values' => $old,
'new_values' => $new,
'ip_address' => request()->ip(),
]);
}
}Model AuditLog:
Schema::create('audit_logs', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->foreignId('user_id')->nullable()->constrained()->nullOnDelete();
$table->string('model_type');
$table->unsignedBigInteger('model_id');
$table->string('action'); // created, updated, deleted
$table->json('old_values')->nullable();
$table->json('new_values')->nullable();
$table->string('ip_address')->nullable();
$table->timestamp('created_at');
$table->index(['model_type', 'model_id']);
});Studi Kasus 3: Cache Invalidation
Cache artikel halaman statis dan harus di-clear saat artikel berubah:
<?php
namespace AppObservers;
use AppModelsArticle;
use IlluminateSupportFacadesCache;
class ArticleObserver
{
public function saved(Article $article): void
{
// Clear cache artikel individual
Cache::forget("article:{$article->id}");
Cache::forget("article:{$article->slug}");
// Clear cache daftar artikel
Cache::forget('articles:latest');
Cache::forget("articles:category:{$article->category_id}");
}
public function deleted(Article $article): void
{
Cache::forget("article:{$article->id}");
Cache::forget("article:{$article->slug}");
Cache::forget('articles:latest');
}
}Studi Kasus 4: Observer dengan Multiple Models
Kalau beberapa model butuh audit trail yang sama, buat Observer yang reusable:
<?php
namespace AppObservers;
use AppModelsAuditLog;
class AuditableObserver
{
public function created($model): void
{
AuditLog::create([
'user_id' => auth()->id(),
'model_type' => get_class($model),
'model_id' => $model->id,
'action' => 'created',
'new_values' => $model->getAttributes(),
]);
}
public function updated($model): void
{
AuditLog::create([
'user_id' => auth()->id(),
'model_type' => get_class($model),
'model_id' => $model->id,
'action' => 'updated',
'old_values' => $model->getOriginal(),
'new_values' => $model->getChanges(),
]);
}
}Register ke beberapa model sekaligus:
// Di AppServiceProvider
Article::observe(AuditableObserver::class);
Product::observe(AuditableObserver::class);
Order::observe(AuditableObserver::class);Bypass Observer saat Seeding
<?php
namespace DatabaseSeeders;
use AppModelsArticle;
class ArticleSeeder extends Seeder
{
public function run(): void
{
// Bypass observer agar tidak trigger audit trail saat seeding
Article::withoutObservers(function () {
Article::factory(100)->create();
});
}
}Baca Juga
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